In this seminar, we will investigate cases of peaceful resolutions of intractable conflicts during the 20th century as alternatives to tactics of warfare and counter-terrorism. The focus will include the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European subordinate states; the end of British rule in India, the transition from the apartheid regime in South Africa; the plebiscite ending the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile; the accords ending the violence in Ireland; and the successful nonviolent strategies of the civil rights movement in the U.S.